impetus

باللغة العربية: دافع، زخم، حافز

1. Anything that impels; a stimulating factor. · The outbreak of World War II in 1939 gave a new impetus to receiver development.
2. A force, either internal or external, that impels; an impulse.
3. The force or energy associated with a moving body; a stimulus.
4. A principle of motive force, held as equivalent to weight times velocity by John Buridan, in an auxiliary theory of Aristotelian dynamics introduced by John Philoponus, describing projectile motion against gravity as linear until it transitions to a vertical drop and the intellectual precursor to the concepts of inertia, momentum and acceleration in classical mechanics.
5. An activity in response to a stimulus.

الجمع impetuses