FluentPlex

Attributions

FluentPlex is built on the work of many people who share their data openly. Here is what we use, who made it, and the licence it’s shared under. Data shared under CC BY-SA is used, and shared on, under the same licence.

Last updated November 1, 2026

Word levels

The A1–C2 levels of words (in the Word Trainer, the dictionary and the daily word) come from published word lists where there is one, from how common a word is, and from our own graded texts.

  • The CEFR-J Wordlist, version 1.5, compiled by Yukio Tono, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies (© Tono Laboratory, TUFS): English words at A1–B2. Used under its terms, which allow research and commercial use with citation. From Open Language Profiles.
  • The Octanove Vocabulary Profile C1/C2, version 1.0, by Octanove Labs: English words at C1 and C2. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. From Open Language Profiles.
  • HSK 3.0 vocabulary: the Chinese Proficiency Grading Standards for International Chinese Language Education (GF0025-2021), Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, 2021. Chinese words at HSK levels 1–9, which we map approximately to A1–C2. As transcribed by ivankra/hsk30 (MIT License).
  • wordfreq, by Robyn Speer: how common words are in each language (Wikipedia, news, subtitles and the web). Data licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. github.com/rspeer/wordfreq.

Dictionaries

  • Wiktionary, by its contributors: the English, Farsi and Turkish dictionaries, and words in the Arabic one. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 (and the GFDL). Read from Wiktionary’s data by wiktextract (Tatu Ylonen, kaikki.org). Each entry links to its Wiktionary page.
  • CC-CEDICT, by MDBG and its contributors: the Chinese dictionary. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. mdbg.net.
  • Lane’s Arabic-English Lexicon (Edward William Lane, 1863–93) and Lisān al-ʿArab (Ibn Manẓūr, 13th century): in the public domain.

Chinese characters

  • Make Me a Hanzi, by Shaunak Kishore: characters’ strokes and parts. Its stroke data is derived from fonts by Arphic Technology, under the Arphic Public License; its other data under the LGPL. github.com/skishore/makemeahanzi.
  • Hanzi Writer, by David Chanin: stroke-order animation and practice. MIT License. hanziwriter.org.
  • Unihan, the Unicode Han Database: characters’ readings and stroke counts. Unicode License. unicode.org.

The Qurʾān

  • Text: the Tanzil Project, shown verbatim as its terms require.
  • Muṣḥaf layout and Uthmani script: Quran.com, after the King Fahd Complex’s Madinah muṣḥaf. Fonts: Amiri Quran (SIL Open Font License); KFGQPC HAFS Uthmanic Script, © King Fahd Glorious Quran Printing Complex.
  • Recitations: everyayah.com. Translation: Marmaduke Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran (1930).

Wikipedia

Articles imported into the library come from Wikipedia, by its contributors, under CC BY-SA 4.0; each names and links its source article.

Something missing?

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